Organic light-emitting device and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

An organic light-emitting device includes a first hole transport region including a polymer compound that includes a repeating unit derived from a compound including a moiety represented by Formula 1A and a second hole transport region including a first compound and a second compound, the first compound including a repeating unit represented by Formula 1, the second compound being a compound represented by Formula 1, and the third compound being a compound represented by Formula 3.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0047325, filed on Apr. 24, 2018,in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and entitled: “OrganicLight-Emitting Device and Method of Manufacturing the Same,” isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to an organic light-emitting device and amethod of manufacturing the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices that producefull-color images, and also have wide viewing angles, high contrastratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms ofbrightness, driving voltage, and response speed, compared to devices inthe art.

An example of such organic light-emitting devices may include a firstelectrode disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, anemission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode,which are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes providedfrom the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through thehole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrodemay move toward the emission layer through the electron transportregion. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emissionlayer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited stateto a ground state, thereby generating light.

SUMMARY

Embodiments are directed to an organic light-emitting device, includinga first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and anorganic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode andcomprising an emission layer. The organic layer includes a first holetransport region and a second hole transport region between the firstelectrode and the emission layer. The first hole transport regionincludes a polymer compound. The second hole transport region includes afirst compound and a second compound, or includes the first compound anda third compound. The polymer compound includes a repeating unit derivedfrom a compound including a moiety represented by Formula 1A. The firstcompound is a compound including a repeating unit represented byFormula 1. The second compound is a compound represented by Formula 2,and the third compound is a compound represented by Formula 3:

wherein, in Formulae 1A, 1, 2, and 3, L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂,and L₃₁ to L₃₅ are each independently selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a1 to a4, a11 to a13,a21, a22, and a31 to a35 are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, k1is 1 or 2, k2 is 0 or 1, k1 and k2 satisfies k1+k2=2, at least one of X₁to X₃ is a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ are eachindependently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,k31 is 0 or 1, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈, and R₃₁ to R₃₄ are each independentlyhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), b11 and b31 to b34 are eachindependently an integer of 1 to 10, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group,the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independentlyselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

Embodiments also provide a method of manufacturing an organiclight-emitting device, including forming a first hole transport regionon a first electrode and forming a second hole transport region on thefirst hole transport region. Forming the first hole transport regionincludes a solution process using a first composition. Forming of thesecond hole transport region includes a solution process using a secondcomposition. The first composition includes a compound including amoiety represented by Formula 1A and a first solvent. The secondcomposition includes a first compound, a second compound, and a secondsolvent, or includes the first compound, a third compound, and thesecond solvent. The first compound is a compound including a repeatingunit represented by Formula 1. The second compound is a compoundrepresented by Formula 2. The third compound is a compound representedby Formula 3.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Features will become apparent to those of skill in the art by describingin detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawingsin which:

These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readilyappreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken inconjunction with the FIGURE, which is a schematic view of an organiclight-emitting device according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings; however, they may be embodied indifferent forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey exemplary implementations to those skilled in the art.

Organic Light-Emitting Device

An organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment may include,a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and anorganic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode andincluding an emission layer. The organic layer may include a first holetransport region and a second hole transport region between the firstelectrode and the emission layer. The first hole transport region mayinclude a polymer compound. The second hole transport region may includea first compound and a second compound, or may include the firstcompound and a third compound. The polymer compound, the first compound,the second compound, and the third compound may be understood byreferring to the description provided below. In an embodiment, the firsthole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode andthe emission layer, and the second hole transport region may be disposedbetween the first hole transport region and the emission layer.

In an embodiment, the second hole transport region may include ahigh-molecular-weight region and a low-molecular-weight region. Thehigh-molecular-weight region may be a region closer to an interfacebetween the first hole transport region and the second hole transportregion than an interface between the emission layer and the second holetransport region. The low-molecular-weight region may be a region closerto an interface between the emission layer and the second hole transportregion than to an interface between the first hole transport region andthe second hole transport region in the second hole transport region. Anamount of the first compound in the high-molecular-weight region may belarger than an amount of the first compound in the low-molecular-weightregion.

In an embodiment, the second hole transport region may include ahigh-molecular-weight region and a low-molecular-weight region Thehigh-molecular-weight region may be a region closer to an interfacebetween the first hole transport region and the second hole transportregion than to an interface between the emission layer and the secondhole transport region. The low-molecular-weight region may be a regioncloser to an interface between the emission layer and the second holetransport region than to an interface between the first hole transportregion and the second hole transport region in the second hole transportregion. An amount of the second compound and an amount of the thirdcompound in the low-molecular-weight region may be greater than anamount of the second compound and an amount of the third compound in thehigh-molecular-weight region.

For example, in the second hole transport region, an amount of the firstcompound may be greater toward the first hole transport region andsmaller toward the emission layer. In an embodiment, in the second holetransport region, an amount of the second compound and an amount of thethird compound may be greater toward the emission layer and smallertoward the first hole transport region.

In some embodiments, the second hole transport region may include afirst hole transport layer between the first hole transport region andthe emission layer and a second hole transport layer between the firsthole transport layer and the emission layer,

The first hole transport layer may include the first compound, and thesecond hole transport layer may include the second compound or the thirdcompound.

In an embodiment, the first compound may have a molecular weight of5,000 g/mol or more, the second compound may have a molecular weight of2,000 g/mol or less, and the third compound may have a molecular weightof 2,000 g/mol or less.

In an embodiment, the first hole transport region may be formed by usinga first composition, and the second hole transport region may be formedby using a second composition,

The first composition may include a polymer compound and a firstsolvent. The second composition may include the first compound, thesecond compound, and a second solvent, or may include the firstcompound, the third compound, and the second solvent.

The method of forming the first hole transport region by using the firstcomposition and the method of forming the second hole transport regionby using the second composition may be understood by referring to themethod of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device providedbelow.

Description of Materials

The polymer compound may include a repeating unit derived from acompound including a moiety represented by Formula 1A. The firstcompound may be a compound including a repeating unit represented byFormula 1. The second compound may be a compound represented by Formula2. The third compound may be a compound represented by Formula 3:

In Formulae 1A, 1, 2, and 3, L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂, and L₃₁ toL₃₅ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In an embodiment, L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂, and L₃₁ to L₃₅ mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a spiro-fluorene-benzofluorenylene group, abenzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylenegroup, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, afluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, achrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, aperylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, apentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, aovalenylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thiophenylene group, afuranylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, athiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, anisoxazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, apyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an isoindolylene group, anindolylene group, an indazolylene group, a purinylene group, aquinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylenegroup, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, aquinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, acarbazolylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group,a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylenegroup, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, anisobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, anisobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group,an oxadiazolylene group, a triazinylene group, a dibenzofuranylenegroup, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, athiadiazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, and animidazopyrimidinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a spiro-fluorene-benzofluorenylene group, abenzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylenegroup, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, afluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, achrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, aperylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, apentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, anovalenylene group, a pyrrolylene group, a thiophenylene group, afuranylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, athiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, anisoxazolylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, apyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, an isoindolylene group, anindolylene group, an indazolylene group, a purinylene group, aquinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylenegroup, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, aquinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, acarbazolylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group,a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylenegroup, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, anisobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, anisobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group,an oxadiazolylene group, a triazinylene group, a dibenzofuranylenegroup, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, athiadiazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, and animidazopyrimidinylene group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, acyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, acyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group,a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, apyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolylgroup, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, anoxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinylgroup, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, anindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group,an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, anaphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, acinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, anacridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, abenzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, anisobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group,a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinylgroup, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolylgroup, a thiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, animidazopyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁) and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with aC₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthylgroup, and a dibenzofuranyl group.

In one or more embodiments, L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂, and L₃₁ toL₃₅ may each independently be a group represented by one selected fromFormulae 3-1 to 3-51:

In Formulae 3-1 to 3-51,

Y₁ may be O, S, C(Z₃)(Z₄), N(Z₅), or Si(Z₆)(Z₇),

Z₁ to Z₇ may each independently be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group,an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylicacid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, aphosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, aquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, aquinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, aphenanthrolinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅),

Q₃₃ to Q₃₅ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group,

d2 may be an integer of 0 to 2,

d3 may be an integer of 0 to 3,

d4 may be an integer of 0 to 4,

d5 may be an integer of 0 to 5,

d6 may be an integer of 0 to 6,

d8 may be an integer of 0 to 8, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formulae 3-1 to 3-51, binding sites that are not substituted with Z₁to Z₇ may be bound to hydrogen.

In Formulae 1A, 1, 2 and 3, a1 to a4, a11 to a13, a21, a22, and a31 toa35 may each independently be an integer of 0 to 5, for example, 1, 2,3, 4, or 5.

In Formula 1A, k1 may be 1 or 2, and k2 may be 0 or 1, wherein k1 and k2may satisfy k1+k2=2.

In Formula 1A, at least one selected from X₁ to X₃ may be a binding siteto a neighboring atom.

In Formula 2, Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In an embodiment, Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ may each independently be selected froma phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenylgroup, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenylgroup, a spiro-benzofluorene-fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolylgroup, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, anisothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group,a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, aphthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, aquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, anacridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, abenzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, abenzosilolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, anisobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a carbazolyl group, abenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, anoxazolopyridinyl group, a thiazolopyridinyl group, a benzonaphthyridinylgroup, an azafluorenyl group, an azaspiro-bifluorenyl group, anazacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenylgroup, and an azadibenzosilolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenylgroup, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenylgroup, a spiro-benzofluorene-fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolylgroup, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, anisothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group,a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, aphthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, aquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, anacridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, abenzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, abenzosilolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, anisobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a carbazolyl group, abenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, anoxazolopyridinyl group, a thiazolopyridinyl group, a benzonaphthyridinylgroup, an azafluorenyl group, an azaspiro-bifluorenyl group, anazacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenylgroup, and an azadibenzosilolyl group, each substituted with at leastone selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

In one or more embodiments, Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ may each independently be agroup represented by one selected from Formulae 5-1 to 5-23:

In Formulae 5-1 to 5-23,

Y₃₁ may be O, S, C(Z₃₄)(Z₃₅), or Si(Z₃₆)(Z₃₇),

Z₃₁ to Z₃₇ may each independently be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, an anthracenyl group, aphenanthrenyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazole group, a thiazolylgroup, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, anisoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, anaphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, acinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, aphenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, anisobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group,a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinylgroup, a thiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, animidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group,

e3 may be an integer of 0 to 3,

e4 may be an integer of 0 to 4,

e5 may be an integer of 0 to 5,

e6 may be an integer of 0 to 6,

e7 may be an integer of 0 to 7,

e9 may be an integer of 0 to 9, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formulae 5-1 to 5-23, binding sites that are not substituted with Z₃₁to Z₃₇ may be bound to hydrogen.

In Formula 3, k31 may be 0 or 1.

In Formulae 1A, Formula 1, Formula 2, and Formula 3, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈,and R₃₁ to R₃₄ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or—P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂).

In an embodiment, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈, and R₃₁ to R₃₄ may be selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group anda C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, and a hydrazono group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, anaphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthylgroup, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolylgroup, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, anisothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group,a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, aphthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, abenzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinylgroup, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group,a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, abenzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, anisobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group,a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinylgroup, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinylgroup, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an oxazolopyridinyl group, athiazolopyridinyl group, a benzonaphthyridinyl group, an azafluorenylgroup, an azaspiro-bifluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, anazadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, and anazadibenzosilolyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, acycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, anindenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group,an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, aspiro-benzofluorene-fluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolylgroup, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, anisothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group,a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, aphthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, abenzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinylgroup, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group,a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, abenzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, anisobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group,a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinylgroup, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinylgroup, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an oxazolopyridinyl group, athiazolopyridinyl group, a benzonaphthyridinyl group, an azafluorenylgroup, an azaspiro-bifluorenyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, anazadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, and anazadibenzosilolyl group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a C₃-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, a biphenyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂).

Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group; and a phenyl group, abiphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group,a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, anisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, and a quinazolinyl group,each substituted with at least one selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, and a phenyl group.

In one or more embodiments, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈, and R₃₁ to R₃₄ may eachindependently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ahydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group,a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group; and aC₂-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenylgroup, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and aterphenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₂-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, abiphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.

For example, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈, and R₃₁ to R₃₄ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, and aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, and ahydrazono group.

In Formulae 1A, 1, 2, and 3, b11 and b31 to b34 may each independentlybe an integer of 1 to 10.

In Formulae 1A, 1, 2, and 3, at least one substituent of the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylenegroup, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylenegroup, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituteddivalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituteddivalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂).

Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independentlybe selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by Formula 1 Å may be representedby Formula 1A-1 or 1A-2:

In Formulae 1A-1 and 1A-2,

R₁ to R₉ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, amethyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, asec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, and acyclohexyl group, and a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, anisobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl,group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentylgroup, and a cyclohexyl group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutylgroup, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthylgroup, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.

Two or more of R₁ to R₉ may optionally be linked to form a substitutedC₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted C₂-C₆₀ heterocyclic group.

b1 to b9 may each independently be an integer of 1 to 4.

At least one selected from X₁, X₂, X₄, and X₅ in Formula 1A-1 may be abinding site to a neighboring atom,

At least one selected from X₁, X₂, and X₃ in Formula 1A-2 may be abinding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may include at least one moiety represented by Formula 1A.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may include a moiety represented by Formula 1A and a moietyderived from a polymeric compound.

The polymeric compound may be, for example, a (meth)acryl-basedcompound, a vinyl-based compound, an epoxy-based compound, aurethane-based compound, or a cellulose-based compound.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may have a structure in which the moiety represented byFormula 1A and the moiety derived from the polymeric compound are linkedvia at least one linking group L₁₀.

The linking group L₁₀ may be a divalent or trivalent group that includesor does not include at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, S, P, B,and Si. For example, the linking group L₁₀ may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′,

a C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, or a C₂-C₂₀alkynylene group, and at least two L₁₀(s) may be identical to ordifferent from each other.

In an embodiment, the linking group L₁₀ may be *—O—*′, or a methylenegroup (*—CH₂—*′).

*, *′, and *″ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may include a cross-linking group.

The cross-linking group is a substituent that may form a covalent bondby polymerization. For example, the cross-linking group may be selectedfrom a hydroxyl group, a thiol group, an alkoxy group, an epoxy group, acarboxyl group, an amine group, an amide group, a cyano group, anisocyanate group, a glycidyl group, an acrylate group, a methacrylategroup, a vinyl group, and an ethenyloxy group, and an alkoxy group, anepoxy group, a carboxyl group, an amine group, an amide group, a cyanogroup, an isocyanate group, a glycidyl group, an acrylate group, amethacrylate group, a vinyl group, and an ethenyloxy group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, and a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group.

In an embodiment, the cross-linking group may be a styrenyl group or a1,2,2-trifluoroethenyloxy group.

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, the terminus of the compound including the moietyrepresented by Formula 1A may include the cross-linking group.

In an embodiment, the terminus of the compound including the moietyrepresented by Formula 1A may be linked to the cross-linking group viathe linking group L₁₀.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may include one to three cross-linking groups.

In some embodiments, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may be a copolymer including a first repeating unit and asecond repeating unit. The first repeating unit may include the moietyrepresented by Formula 1A and the moiety derived from the polymericcompound. The second repeating unit may include a second repeating unitincluding a moiety derived from another monomer. The other monomer maybe selected from the above-described polymeric compounds. In this case,the cross-linking group may be included in the first repeating unit, ormay be included in the second repeating unit.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may be selected from Compounds A1 to A9:

In Compounds A1 and A2, Bu indicates a butyl group, and in Compound A2,m1 and n1 may each independently be a real number greater than 0 andless than 1.

In an embodiment, the compound including the moiety represented byFormula 1A may be thermally cured or photocured to form the polymercompound including the repeating unit derived from the moietyrepresented by Formula 1A.

For example, the compound including the moiety represented by Formula 1Amay include a cross-linking group, and the cross-linking group may reactdue to the thermal curing or photocuring to form the polymer compound.

In addition, when the polymer compound has a structure in which thecompound including the moiety represented by Formula 1A is thermallycured or photocured, a film having a high degree of curing may be formedas in examples described below. Therefore, even when the second holetransport region is formed on the first hole transport region by asolution process using the second composition, it may be possible toprevent the physical properties of the first hole transport region frombeing deteriorated by the process.

In an embodiment, the first compound may be selected from Compounds B1to B6:

In Compounds B1 to B6, n may be an integer of 10 to 100,000.

Compounds B1 to B6 may each be a compound having a molecular weight of5,000 g/mol or more.

In an embodiment, the second compound may be selected from Compounds 2-1to 2-22, and the third compound may be selected from Compounds 3-1 to3-13:

The expression “an (organic layer) includes a first compound” includes acase in which “an (organic layer) includes one first compoundrepresented by Formula 1 and a case in which an (organic layer) includestwo or more different first compounds represented by Formula 1.

The term “organic layer” used herein refers to a single layer and/or aplurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and the secondelectrode of the organic light-emitting device. The organic layer mayalso include a material other than an organic material.

The FIGURE is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device 10according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device 10includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a secondelectrode 190.

Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organiclight-emitting device 10 will be described in connection with theFIGURE.

In the FIGURE, a substrate may be additionally disposed under the firstelectrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be aglass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and water resistance.

[First Electrode 110]

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering amaterial for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When thefirst electrode 110 is an anode, the material for a first electrode maybe selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate holeinjection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming afirst electrode may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zincoxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and combinationsthereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is asemi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material forforming a first electrode may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver(Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and combinationsthereof.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, thefirst electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

The organic layer 150 is disposed on the first electrode 110. Theorganic layer 150 may include an emission layer.

[Organic Layer 150]

The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer, a first holetransport region and a second hole transport region, between the firstelectrode 110 and the emission layer.

In addition, the organic layer 150 may further include an electrontransport region between the emission layer and the second electrode.

[Hole Transport Region in Organic Layer 150]

The term “hole transport region” used herein may include both the firsthole transport region and the second hole transport region.

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single layer including a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure including a single layer including a pluralityof different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having aplurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from ahole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliarylayer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layeredstructure including a single layer including a plurality of differentmaterials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injectionlayer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/holetransport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injectionlayer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transportlayer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/holetransport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for eachstructure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the firstelectrode 110 in this stated order.

In the hole transport region, the first hole transport region mayinclude a polymer compound. The second hole transport region may includea first compound and a second compound or a first compound and a thirdcompound. The polymer compound, the first compound, and the secondcompound may respectively be the same as described above

The hole transport region may include at least one selected fromm-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB,methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine(TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA),polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound representedby Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202, L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selectedfrom a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer of 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer of 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be linked eachother via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked viaa single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 201 and 202, L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ mayeach independently be selected from a phenylene group, a pentalenylenegroup, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, aheptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, afluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylenegroup, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, aphenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylenegroup, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylenegroup, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylenegroup, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylenegroup, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group,a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1,or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independentlybe selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, apentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group,a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may respectively be the same as described above.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, at least one selected fromR₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ may each independently be selected from a fluorenyl group,a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group,and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may belinked each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may belinked each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, at least one selected fromR₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ may be selected from a carbazolyl group, and a carbazolylgroup substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula201A:

For example, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be a compoundrepresented by Formula 201A(1):

In an embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be, forexample, a compound represented by Formula 201A-1:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ may respectively be thesame as described above, and

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may respectively be the same as described in connectionwith R₂₀₃.

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group.

The hole transport region may further include at least one compoundselected from Compounds HT1 to HT39:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100Å to about 10,000 Å, or, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. Whenthe hole transport region includes at least one of a hole injectionlayer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injectionlayer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, or, forexample, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the holetransport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, or,for example about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of thehole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transportlayer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transportingcharacteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency bycompensating for an optical resonance distance according to thewavelength of light emitted by an emission layer. The electron blockinglayer may block the flow of electrons from an electron transport region.The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may includethe materials as described above.

[p-Dopant]

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to thesematerials, a charge-generation material for the improvement ofconductive properties. The charge-generation material may behomogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transportregion.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In an embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecularorbital (LUMO) level of −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinonederivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, asexamples.

For example, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from aquinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) a metaloxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and acompound represented by Formula 221

In Formula 221, R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least oneselected from R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one substituent selectedfrom a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substitutedwith —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groupsubstituted with —Br, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I.

Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organiclight-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a redemission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer,according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layermay have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a redemission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, inwhich the two or more layers contact each other or are separated fromeach other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may includetwo or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, agreen light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, inwhich the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a singlelayer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host material. For the host materialincluded in the emission layer, materials described below may be used.

The emission layer may include a host material and a dopant material.The dopant material may include at least one selected from aphosphorescent dopant and a fluorescent dopant. For the dopant materialincluded in the emission layer, materials described below may be used.

In the emission layer, an amount of the dopant material may be in arange of, for example, about 0.01 parts to about 15 parts by weightbased on 100 parts by weight of the host material.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å toabout 1,000 Å, or, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When thethickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellentlight-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

Host Material in Emission Layer

In one or more embodiments, the host material may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 301 below.

[Ar ₃₀₁]_(xb11)−[(L ₃₀₁)_(xb1) −R ₃₀₁]_(xb21)  Formula 301

In Formula 301, Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclicgroup, xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3, L₃₀₁ may each independently be selectedfrom a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;xb1 may be an integer of 0 to 5, R₃₀₀ may be selected from deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, anamidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂).

xb21 may be an integer of 1 to 5, and Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may eachindependently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxygroup, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and anaphthyl group.

In an embodiment, Ar₃₀₁ in Formula 301 may be selected from anaphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup; and a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorenegroup, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalenegroup, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group,a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from, for example, aC₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In Formula 301, when xb11 is two or more, two or more of Ar₃₀₁(s) may belinked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the host material may be a compoundrepresented by one selected from Formulae 301-1, 301-2, and 301-3:

In Formulae 301-1, 301-2, and 301-3,

A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene, anaphthalene, a phenanthrene, a fluoranthene, a triphenylene, a pyrene, achrysene, a pyridine, a pyrimidine, an indene, a fluorene, aspiro-bifluorene, a benzofluorene, a dibenzofluorene, an indole, acarbazole, benzocarbazole, dibenzocarbazole, a furan, a benzofuran, adibenzofuran, a naphthofuran, a benzonaphthofuran, dinaphthofuran, athiophene, a benzothiophene, a dibenzothiophene, a naphthothiophene, abenzonaphthothiophene, and a dinaphthothiophene,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],

R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may respectively be the same asdescribed above,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may respectively be the same as described in connectionwith L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 may respectively be the same as described in connection withxb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may respectively be the same as described in connectionwith R₃₀₁.

For example, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₃₁ and Q₃₃ may respectively be the same as described above.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 301, 301-1, 301-2, and 301-3, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₃₁ and Q₃₃ may respectively be the same as described above.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 301-1, 301-2, and 301-3, at least oneselected from R₃₁₁ and R₃₁₂ may each be a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group. Forexample, at least one selected from R₃₁₁ and R₃₁₂ may be a methyl group,an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, ater-butyl group, pentyl group, an isoamyl group, or a hexyl group. Whenthe at least one selected from R₃₁₁ and R₃₁₂ is a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,the solubility of an organometallic complex represented by Formula 401in a solvent may be controlled.

In an embodiment, the host material may include at least one selectedfrom the following compounds:

In one or more embodiments, the host material may further include analkaline earth metallic complex. For example, the host material may beselected from a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), a Mg complex,and a Zn complex.

The host material may include, for example, at least one selected from9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55:

Phosphorescent Dopant Included in Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complexrepresented by Formula 401 below:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu),terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),

L₄₀₁ may be selected from ligands represented by Formula 402, and xc1may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₁(s)may be identical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer of 0 to 4,wherein, when xc2 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may be identicalto or different from each other,

X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond, and X₄₀₂and X₄₀₄ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond,

A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=^(*′), or*═C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may each independently be hydrogen,deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group,a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group,

X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁—C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃),—N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and—P(═O)(Q₄₁)(Q₄₀₂), wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently beselected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ arylgroup, and a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer of 0 to 10, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula401.

In an embodiment, in Formula 401, L₄₀₂ may be a monovalent, divalent, ortrivalent organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected fromhalogen, diketone (for example, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (forexample, picolinate), —C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and phosphorus (forexample, phosphine, or phosphite).

In an embodiment, in Formula 401, L₄₀₂ may be a ligand represented byFormula 403:

In Formula 403,

X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be O or S.

R₄₀₃ to R₄₀₅ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃),—N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and—P(═O)(Q₄₀)(Q₄₀₂), wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently beselected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ arylgroup, and a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independentlybe selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group,a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophenegroup, a furan(furan) group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, athiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazolegroup, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, apyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, abenzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, acarbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, abenzothiophene group, an isobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group,an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, anoxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, and adibenzothiophene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, andX₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each be nitrogen at thesame time.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 402 and 403, R₄₀₁ to R₄₀₅ mayeach independently be selected from

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, and a norbornenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group a phenyl group, a biphenyl group,a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, atriazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂).

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from, for example, aC₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, at least one selected from R₄₀₁ andR₄₀₂ may each be a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group. For example, the at least oneselected from R₄₀ and R₄₀₂ may each be a methyl group, an ethyl group, apropyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group,pentyl group, an isoamyl group, or a hexyl group. When the at least oneselected from R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ is a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, the solubility ofan organometallic complex represented by Formula 401 in a solvent may becontrolled.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is two or more, twoA₄₀₁(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked via X₄₀₇, whichis a linking group, or two A₄₀₂(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionallybe linked via X₄₀₈, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be a single bond, *—O—*′,*—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*′, or*—C(Q₄₁₃)═C(Q₄₁₄)-*′ (wherein Q₄₁₃ and Q₄₁₄ may each independently behydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group).

In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least oneselected from the following compounds:

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may furtherinclude, for example, one selected from Compounds PD1 to PD25:

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or astyrylamine compound.

The fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501below.

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer of 0 to 3;

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be an integer of 1 to 6.

In an embodiment, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In one or more embodiments, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃).

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

For example, in Formula 501, xd4 may be 2.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include at least oneselected from the following compounds:

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may further includeat least one selected from Compounds FD1 to FD22:

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from,for example, the following compounds.

[Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150]

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single layer including a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure including a single layer including a pluralityof different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having aplurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may include, for example, at least oneselected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron controllayer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injectionlayer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers aresequentially stacked from an emission layer.

The electron transport region may include a second compound representedby Formula 2.

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transportlayer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containingring.

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” indicates aC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *—N=*′ moiety as aring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may bei) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N=*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at leastone *—N=*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) aheteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-memberedheteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N=*′ moiety, iscondensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring include animidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, anisoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a pyridazine, anindazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, aphthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a cinnoline,a phenanthridine, an acridine, a phenanthroline, a phenazine, abenzimidazole, an isobenzothiazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, atriazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole, a triazine, thiadiazol, animidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, and an azacarbazole.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601:

[Ar ₆₀₁]_(xe11)−[(L ₆₀₁)_(xe1) −R ₆₀₁]_(xe21)  Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

xe1 may be an integer of 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer of 1 to 5.

In an embodiment, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 andR₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the π electron-depletednitrogen-containing ring.

In an embodiment, ring Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selected from abenzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorenegroup, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalenegroup, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group,a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group,a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazolegroup, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, apyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazinegroup, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, anisoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, anaphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, acinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, aphenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, anisobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, atriazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazinegroup, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, animidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is two or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 maybe represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), and X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), wherein at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may each be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may respectively be the same as described in connectionwith L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may respectively be the same as described in connectionwith xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may respectively be the same as described in connectionwith R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In an embodiment, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 mayeach independently be selected from, for example, a phenylene group, anaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, abenzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, aperylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, apentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, acarbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, abenzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylenegroup, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylenegroup, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylenegroup, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylenegroup, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylenegroup, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylenegroup, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, abenzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylenegroup, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylenegroup, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, aphenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylenegroup, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, anisobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group,an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and anazacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ toR₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂).

Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ may respectively be the same as described above.

The electron transport region may include, for example, at least onecompound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET36:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include atleast one compound selected from2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq,3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), and NTAZ:

A thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or theelectron control layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å,or, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of thebuffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layerare within these ranges, the electron transport region may haveexcellent hole blocking characteristics or electron controlcharacteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about100 Å to about 1,000 Å, or, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å.When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within the rangedescribed above, the electron transport layer may have satisfactoryelectron transport characteristics without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layerin the electron transport region) may further include, in addition tothe materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected fromalkali metal complex and alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metalcomplex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a Kion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex mayinclude a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Srion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkalimetal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from,for example, a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, ahydroxy diphenylthiadiazol, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. TheLi complex may include, for example, Compound ET-DI (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layerthat facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 190.The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single layer including a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure including a single layer including a pluralityof different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having aplurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combinations thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from, for example, Li, Na, K, Rb, andCs. In an embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one ormore embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from, for example, alkalimetal oxides, such as Li₂O. Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, suchas LiF, NaF, CsF. KF. LiI, NaI, CsI, Kl, or RbI. In an embodiment, thealkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI,CsI, and Kl.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from, for example,alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O(0<x<1), or Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1). In an embodiment, the alkalineearth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from, for example, YbF₃,ScF₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In an embodiment, the rareearth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃,and TbI₃.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkalineearth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above. A ligandcoordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkalineearth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selectedfrom, for example, hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole,hydroxy diphenylthiadiazol, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine,phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orcombinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments,the electron injection layer may further include an organic material.When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material,an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkalimetal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metalcompound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, arare earth metal complex, or combinations thereof may be homogeneouslyor non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organicmaterial.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1Å to about 100 Å, or, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When thethickness of the electron injection layer is within the range describedabove, the electron injection layer may have satisfactory electroninjection characteristics without a substantial increase in drivingvoltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 may be disposed on the organic layer 150 havingsuch a structure. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode, forexample, an electron injection electrode. In this regard, a material forforming the second electrode 190 may be selected from metal, an alloy,an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, thathave a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 190 may include, for example, at least one selectedfrom lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al),aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In),magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO. The second electrode 190 may bea transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflectiveelectrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

In some implementations, the organic light-emitting device may have aconfiguration differing from that illustrated in the FIGURE.

Layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, andlayers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in acertain region by using one or more suitable methods selected fromvacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermalimaging.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer,and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed byvacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a depositiontemperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C. with a vacuum degree ofabout 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr and a deposition speed of about 0.01Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, taking into account a material to be includedin a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer,and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spincoating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed of about2.000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature ofabout 80° C. to 200° C., taking into account a material to be includedin a layer to be formed, and the structure of a layer to be formed.

The flat display apparatus according to an embodiment may include atransistor including a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gateelectrode, and an activation layer, and the organic light-emittingdevice. The first electrode of the organic light-emitting device may beelectrically connected with at least one of the source electrode and thedrain electrode of the transistor.

The activation layer of the transistor may be variously modified into anamorphous silicon layer, a crystalline silicon layer, an organicsemiconductor layer, or an oxide semiconductor layer.

Such a flat display apparatus may inhibit red and green emission in theblack state, resulting in improvement of the luminance-dependentemission efficiency.

General Definition of Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, apropyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group,a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having thesame structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group. Examples thereof include anethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having thesame structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group. Examples thereof include anethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure asthe C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group).Examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and anisopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentsaturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.Examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term“C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent grouphaving the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms.Examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, atetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” used herein refers to a monovalentmonocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least onecarbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity.Examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group” asused herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as theC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms,and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Examples of theC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, anda 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the samestructure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent grouphaving a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and aC₆-C₆₀ arylene group used herein refers to a divalent group having acarbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of theC₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, ananthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and achrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene groupeach include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, inaddition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromaticsystem that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and Sas a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples ofthe C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, aquinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings,the rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (whereinA₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group). The term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” usedherein indicates —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as usedherein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbonatoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbonatoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclicgroup include a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromaticcondensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent grouphaving the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” asused herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, at leastone heteroatom selected from N, O, Si. P, and S, other than carbonatoms, as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entiremolecular structure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers toa divalent group having the same structure as the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms in which aring-forming atoms are carbon atoms only. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupmay be an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclicgroup. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a ring, such as benzene, amonovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or a divalent group, such as aphenylene group. In one or more embodiments, depending on the number ofsubstituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a grouphaving the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, except thatas a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si,P, and S is included in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atomsmay be in a range of 1 to 60).

At least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group,the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selectedfrom:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₀₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

The term “Ph” as used herein represents a phenyl group, the term “Me” asused herein represents a methyl group, the term “Et” as used hereinrepresents an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^(t,)” as usedherein, represents a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used hereinrepresents a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” used herein refers to a “phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group. The biphenyl group fall within thecategory of a “substituted phenyl group” having a “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” asa substituent.

The term “terphenyl group” used herein refers to a “phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group. The terphenyl group may fall withinthe category of a “phenyl group” having, as a substituent, a “C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.”

* and *′ used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a bindingsite to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

[Method of Manufacturing Organic Light-Emitting Device]

A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device, according toan embodiment, may include forming a first hole transport region on afirst electrode and forming a second hole transport region on the firsthole transport region,

Forming the first hole transport region may include a solution processusing a first composition. Forming the second hole transport region mayinclude a solution process using a second composition.

In the method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device, thefirst composition may include a compound including a moiety representedby Formula 1A and a first solvent. The second composition may include afirst compound, a second compound, and a second solvent, or may includethe first compound, a third compound, and the second solvent.

The first compound may be a compound including a repeating unitrepresented by Formula 1. The second compound may be a compoundrepresented by Formula 2. The third compound may be a compoundrepresented by Formula 3. The compound including the moiety representedby Formula 1 Å, the first compound, the second compound, and the thirdcompound are the same as described above.

In an embodiment, an amount of the compound including the moietyrepresented by Formula 1A may be in a range of about 0.1 parts by weightto about 10 parts by weight and an amount of the first solvent may be ina range of about 90 parts by weight to about 99 parts by weight, basedon 100 parts by weight of the first composition.

In an embodiment, an amount of the first compound may be in a range ofabout 0.1 parts by weight to about 10 parts by weight, an amount of thesecond compound and/or the third compound may be in a range of about0.001 parts by weight to about 0.05 parts by weight, and an amount ofthe second solvent may be in a range of about 90 parts by weight toabout 99 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the secondcomposition.

In an embodiment, the first solvent and the second solvent may eachindependently be a compound represented by Formula 8:

In Formula 8,

X₈₁ may be selected from a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′,*—C(═O)O—*′, and *—C(═O)NH—*′,

R₈₁ may each independently be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, aphenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group; and

a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,a pyrenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, abenzonaphthofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, —Si(Q₈₁)(Q₈₂)(Q₈₃), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a pentylgroup, an isoamyl group, a hexyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, aphenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a carbazolylgroup substituted with a phenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, abenzonaphthofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group,

R₈₂ may be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ahydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, aphenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group; and

a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,a pyrenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, abenzonaphthofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium. —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, Si(Q₈₁)(Q₈₂)(Q₈₂)(Q₈₃), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a pentylgroup, an isoamyl group, a hexyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, aphenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a carbazolylgroup substituted with a phenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, abenzonaphthofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, and a dibenzocarbazolyl group,

b81 may be an integer of 0 to 5,

when b81 is less than 5, carbon atoms of the phenyl ring that are notsubstituted with R₈₁ may be bound to hydrogen,

when b81 is two or more, two or more R₈₁(s) may optionally be linked toform a substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted C₂-C₆₀heterocyclic group,

Q₈₁ to Q₈₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, anamidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclicgroup, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, the first solvent and the second solvent may eachindependently be selected from diphenylether,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, cyclohexylbenzene, anisol, and 3-phenoxytoluene.

For example, the first solvent and the second solvent may becyclohexylbenzene.

The method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device, accordingto an embodiment, may further include forming an emission layer on thesecond hole transport region.

The forming of the emission layer may include performing a solutionprocess using a third composition, and the third composition may includea host material, a dopant material, and a third solvent.

The host material and the dopant material may respectively be the sameas described above, and the second solvent may be methyl benzoate.

The solution process may be performed by spin coating, slot coating, dipcoating, bar coating, roll coating, gravure coating, microgravurecoating, wire coating, spray coating, ink-jet printing, nozzle coating,screen printing, flexo printing, offset printing, or casting.

In an embodiment, the forming of the first hole transport region mayfurther include thermally curing or photocuring the moiety representedby Formula 1A or removing the first solvent. Removing the first solventmay be performed within a temperature range of about 200° C. to about280° C.

In one or more embodiments, in forming the first hole transport region,removing the first solvent and thermally curing or photocuring thecompound including the moiety represented by Formula 1A may be performedat the same time.

In an embodiment, forming the second hole transport region may furtherinclude removing the second solvent. Removing the second solvent may beperformed in a temperature range of about 150° C. to about 350° C.

In an embodiment, in forming the second hole transport region, ahigh-molecular-weight region and a low-molecular-weight region may beformed by removing the second solvent.

The high-molecular-weight region may be a region closer to an interfacebetween the first hole transport region and the second hole transportregion than to an interface between the emission layer and the secondhole transport region. The low-molecular-weight region may be a regioncloser to an interface between the emission layer and the second holetransport region than to an interface between the first hole transportregion and the second hole transport region in the second hole transportregion.

In an embodiment, in forming the second hole transport region, a secondhole transport region in which an amount of the first compound in thehigh-molecular-weight region is larger than an amount of the firstcompound in the low-molecular-weight region and an amount of the secondcompound and an amount of the third compound in the low-molecular-weightregion is larger than an amount of the second compound and an amount ofthe third compound in the high-molecular-weight region may be formed bythe removing of the second solvent.

For example, in the second hole transport region, an amount of the firstcompound may be larger toward the first hole transport region andsmaller toward the emission layer. In one or more embodiments, in thesecond hole transport region, an amount of the second compound and anamount of the third compound may be larger toward the emission layer andsmaller toward the first hole transport region.

In one or more embodiments, a first hole transport layer between thefirst hole transport region and the emission layer and a second holetransport layer between the first hole transport layer and the emissionlayer may be formed by removing the second solvent. The first holetransport layer may include the first compound, and the second holetransport layer may include the second compound or the third compound.

The second composition may be a composition including at least one ofthe first compound, the second compound, and the third compound, and asecond solvent. Regions in which the amounts of the first compound, thesecond compound, and the third compound are different, such as thehigh-molecular-weight region and the low-molecular-weight region in thesecond hole transport region or the first hole transport layer and thesecond hole transport layer, may be formed by forming the secondcomposition.

When such non-uniform regions are formed, the compound distribution inthe second hole transport region may be controlled by adjusting themolecular weights of the first compound, the second compound, and thethird compound, or by controlling the temperature range in which theforming of the second hole transport region is performed.

Hereinafter, a compound according to embodiments and an organiclight-emitting device according to embodiments will be described indetail with reference to Examples. T.

The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided in order tohighlight characteristics of one or more embodiments, but it will beunderstood that the Examples and Comparative Examples are not to beconstrued as limiting the scope of the embodiments, nor are theComparative Examples to be construed as being outside the scope of theembodiments. Further, it will be understood that the embodiments are notlimited to the particular details described in the Examples andComparative Examples. Herein, the expression “B was used instead of A”used in describing Examples indicates that an identical number of molarequivalents of B was used in place of molar equivalents of A.

EXAMPLES Preparation Example of Composition

Compositions to be used to manufacture organic light-emitting deviceswere prepared according to compositions shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Compound included in composition Polymer First Second compoundor Solid Composition compound compound third compound Solvent contentHTL-A1 Compound A1 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-A2 Compound A6Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-A3 Compound A8 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt %HTL-A4 Compound A9 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-A5 Compound 3-13Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-A6 Compound 3-4 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt% HTL-B1 Compound B1 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-B2 Compound B2Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-B3 Compound B5 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt %HTL-B4 Compound B5 Compound 2-7 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % basedon Compound B5) HTL-B5 Compound B5 Compound 2-10 (5 wt %Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5) HTL-B6 Compound B5Compound 2-16 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5)HTL-B7 Compound B5 Compound 2-18 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt %based on Compound B5) HTL-B8 Compound B5 Compound 2-19 (5 wt %Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5) HTL-B9 Compound B5Compound 2-20 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5)HTL-B10 Compound B5 Compound 3-4 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt %based on Compound B5) HTL-B11 Compound B5 Compound 3-5 (5 wt %Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5) HTL-B12 Compound B5Compound 3-6 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5)HTL-B13 Compound B5 Compound 3-8 (5 wt % Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt %based on Compound B5) HTL-B14 Compound B5 Compound 3-9 (5 wt %Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % based on Compound B5) HTL-B15 Compound B5Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % HTL-B16 Compound 2-1 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt% HTL-B17 Compound 3-3 Cyclohexylbenzene 2.5 wt % Compound included incomposition Solid Composition Host Dopant solvent content B EML-1Compound 4-13 Compound 7-8 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % (3 wt % based onCompound 4-13) B EML-2 Compound 4-13 Compound 7-31 Methyl benzoate 3 wt% (3 wt % based on Compound 4-13) B EML-3 Compound 4-18 Compound 7-8Methyl benzoate 3 wt % (3 wt % based on Compound 4-18) B EML-4 Compound4-18 Compound 7-20 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % (3 wt % based on Compound4-18) B EML-5 Compound 4-18 Compound 7-31 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % (3 wt %based on Compound 4-18) B EML-6 Compound 4-19 Compound 7-8 Methylbenzoate 3 wt % (3 wt % based on Compound 4-19) B EML-7 Compound 4-18Compound 7-31 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % (3 wt % based on Compound 4-13) BEML-8 Compound 4-21 Compound 7-8 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % (3 wt % based onCompound 4-21) B EML-9 Compound 4-21 Compound 7-31 Methyl benzoate 3 wt% (3 wt % based on Compound 4-21) G EML-1 Compound 5-2 Compound 6-5Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-25 (3 wt % based on Compound 5-2 andCompound 5-25) G EML-2 Compound 5-2 Compound 6-5 Methyl benzoate 3 wt %Compound 5-28 (10 wt % based on Compound 5-2 and Compound 5-28) G EML-3Compound 5-2 Compound 6-5 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-35 (10 wt %based on Compound 5-2 and Compound 5-35) G EML-4 Compound 5-6 Compound6-5 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-25 (10 wt % based on Compound 5-2and Compound 5-25) G EML-5 Compound 5-6 Compound 6-5 Methyl benzoate 3wt % Compound 5-28 (10 wt % based on Compound 5-6 and Compound 5-28) GEML-6 Compound 5-6 Compound 6-5 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-35 (10wt % based on Compound 5-6 and Compound 5-35) G EML-7 Compound 5-12Compound 6-5 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-35 (10 wt % based onCompound 5-12 and Compound 5-35) R EML-1 Compound 5-2 Compound 6-19Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-9B (3 wt % based on Compound 5-2 andCompound 5-9B) R EML-2 Compound 5-2 Compound 6-19 Methyl benzoate 3 wt %Compound 5-15B (3 wt % based on Compound 5-2 and Compound 5-15B) R EML-3Compound 5-2 Compound 6-19 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-28B (3 wt %based on Compound 5-2 and Compound 5-28B) R EML-4 Compound 5-6 Compound6-19 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-9B (3 wt % based on Compound 5-6and Compound 5-9B) R EML-5 Compound 5-6 Compound 6-19 Methyl benzoate 3wt % Compound 5-15B (3 wt % based on Compound 5-6 and Compound 5-15B) REML-6 Compound 5-6 Compound 6-19 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-28B(3 wt % based on Compound 5-6 and Compound 5-28B) R EML-7 Compound 5-12Compound 6-19 Methyl benzoate 3 wt % Compound 5-28B (3 wt % based onCompound 5-12 and 5- 28B)

Examples 1-1 to 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3: Evaluation ofDegree of Curing of Hole Transport Region

Compositions shown in Table 2 were spin-coated on a 50 mm×50 mm glasssubstrate to form a hole transport region having a thickness of about100 nm, immersed in anisole, and stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. After the stirring was completed, a solvent was extractedtherefrom, a photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was measured, and theintensity of the PL spectrum measured after excitation at a maximumabsorption wavelength (λ_(max)) of each HTL composition was defined as“PL_i”.

The same composition was spin-coated on a 50 mm×50 mm glass substrateand baked at a temperature of 240° C. for 10 minutes to form a holetransport region having a thickness of to about 100 nm, immersed in asolvent, and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After thestirring was completed, the solvent was extracted therefrom, a PLspectrum was measured, and the intensity of the PL spectrum measuredafter excitation at a maximum absorption wavelength (λ_(max)) of eachHTL composition was defined as “PL_f”.

The degree of curing of film was defined as (PL_i−PL_f)/PL_i and thevalues thereof were calculated and are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Degree of curing HTL composition of film (%) Example 1-1 HTL-A198 Example 1-2 HTL-A2 98 Example 1-3 HTL-A3 99 Example 1-4 HTL-A4 97Comparative Example 1-1 HTL-B1 30 Comparative Example 1-2 HTL-B2 28Comparative Example 1 -3 HTL-B3 15

Referring to Table 2, it can be seen that hole transport regionmembranes formed in Examples 1-1 to 1-4 have high degree of curing offilm, as compared with hole transport region membranes formed inComparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3.

Examples 2-1 to 2-11 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3: Evaluation ofSolvent Resistance of Hole Transport Region

Compositions shown in Table 3 were spin-coated on a 50 mm×50 mm glasssubstrate and baked at a temperature of 240° C. for 10 minutes to form ahole transport region having a thickness of 100 nm, thereby preparing asample. A total of ten samples were prepared, and an absorbance of amaximum absorption wavelength (UV abs. λ_(max)) was measured by a UVabsorption spectrum of the center of a hole transport region membraneand set as an initial absorbance.

50 mg of a solvent was added dropwise to the center of the holetransport region membrane by using a syringe and left for 20 minutes ina condition that the solvent did not move or flow in a hood. The solventwas removed therefrom for 10 seconds by using a PET superfine wiper madeof a fiber material having a diameter of 20 μm or less. Then, the samplewas baked at a temperature of 140° C. for 15 minutes, and an absorbanceof a maximum absorption wavelength (UV abs. λ_(max)) was measured by aUV absorption spectrum and set as an absorbance after the solventprocessing.

When the initial absorbance was 100, the absorbance after the relativesolvent processing was calculated and defined as solvent resistance (%),and the value thereof was calculated and is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Solvent resistance (UV absorbance HTL composition difference)(%)Example 2-1 HTL-B4 99 Example 2-2 HTL-B5 98 Example 2-3 HTL-B6 100Example 2-4 HTL-B7 94 Example 2-5 HTL-B8 96 Example 2-6 HTL-B9 99Example 2-7 HTL-B10 97 Example 2-8 HTL-B11 97 Example 2-9 HTL-B12 100Example 2-10 HTL-B13 97 Example 2-11 HTL-B14 99 Comparative Example 2-1HTL-B1 17 Comparative Example 2-2 HTL-B2 25 Comparative Example 2-3HTL-B3 20

Referring to Table 3, it can be seen that the hole transport regionmembranes formed in Examples 2-1 to 2-11 have high solvent resistance,as compared with those of the hole transport region membranes formed inComparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3.

Examples 3-1 to 3-12 and Comparative Example 3-1 to 3-9: Evaluation ofOrganic Light-Emitting Device Example 3-1

A glass substrate for an organic light-emitting device (ITO glasssubstrate (Samsung-Corning, 50 mm×50 mm, 15Ω/cm²) was sonicated withdistilled water and isopropanol and cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays for 30 minutes. After the cleaning, PEDOT:PSS was spin-coated ontothe glass substrate with a transparent electrode line to form a filmhaving a thickness of 60 nm and baked at a temperature of 200° C. for 30minutes to form a hole injection layer.

HTL-A1 was spin-coated on the hole injection layer to form a film havinga thickness of 20 nm and baked at a temperature of 240° C. for 10minutes to form a first hole transport region. HTL-B14 was spin-coatedon the first hole transport region to form a film having a thickness of20 nm and baked at a temperature of 240° C. for 10 minutes to form asecond hole transport region.

B EML-9 was spin-coated on the hole transport layer to form a filmhaving a thickness of 30 nm and baked at a temperature of 130° C. for 10minutes to form an emission layer. The glass substrate was mounted on asubstrate holder of a vacuum deposition apparatus, and Compound 101 wasdeposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layerhaving a thickness of 20 nm.

LiQ (8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium) was deposited on the electrontransport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thicknessof 1 nm, and A1 was deposited on the electron injection layer to form acathode having a thickness of 100 nm, thereby completing the manufactureof an organic light-emitting device. Suicel plus 200 evaporatormanufactured by Sunic System Ltd. was used for deposition.

Examples 3-2 to 3-12 and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-9

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner asin Example 3-1, except that Compositions of the HTL1 item shown inTables 4 to 6 were used instead of HTL-A1 that was the composition usedin Example 3-1, and Compositions of the HLT2 item shown in Tables 4 to 6were used instead of HTL-B14, and Compositions of the EML item shown inTables 4 to 6 were used instead of B EML-9.

TABLE 4 Device HTL1 HTL2 EML Example 3-1 B Device 1 HTL-A1 HTL-B14 BEML-9 Example 3-2 B Device 2 HTL-A2 HTL-B14 B EML-9 Example 3-3 B Device3 HTL-A3 HTL-B14 B EML-9 Example 3-4 B Device 4 HTL-A4 HTL-B14 B EML-9Comparative B Device 5 — HTL-B14 B EML-9 Example 3-1 Comparative BDevice 5 HTL-A5 HTL-B14 B EML-9 Example 3-2 Comparative B Device 6HTL-A6 HTL-B14 B EML-9 Example 3-3 Comparative B Device 7 HTL-A4 — BEML-9 Example 3-4 Comparative B Device 8 — HTL-B15 B EML-9 Example 3-5Comparative B Device 9 — HTL-B16 B EML-9 Example 3-6 Comparative BDevice 10 — HTL-B17 B EML-9 Example 3-7

TABLE 5 Device HTL1 HTL2 EML Example 3-5 G Device 1 HTL-A1 HTL-B14 GEML-5 Example 3-6 G Device 2 HTL-A2 HTL-B14 G EML-5 Example 3-7 G Device3 HTL-A3 HTL-B14 G EML-5 Example 3-8 G Device 4 HTL-A4 HTL-B14 G EML-5Comparative G Device 5 — HTL-B14 G EML-5 Example 3-8

TABLE 6 Device HTL1 HTL2 EML Example 3-9 R Device 1 HTL-A1 HTL-B14 REML-5 Example 3-10 R Device 2 HTL-A2 HTL-B14 R EML-5 Example 3-11 RDevice 3 HTL-A3 HTL-B14 R EML-5 Example 3-12 R Device 4 HTL-A4 HTL-B14 REML-5 Comparative R Device 5 — HTL-B14 R EML-5 Example 3-9

Evaluation Method

The driving voltage, efficiency, and color coordinates of the organiclight-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 3-1 to 3-12and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-9 were measured by using the followingmethod, and results thereof are shown in Tables 7 to 9.

-   -   Color coordinates: Power was supplied from a current-voltage        meter (Keithley SMU 236), and color coordinates were measured by        using a luminance meter PR650.    -   Efficiency: Power was supplied from a current-current meter        (Keithley SMU 236), and efficiency was measured by using a        luminance meter PR650.

Meanwhile, the lifespan T95 indicates an amount of time (hr) that lapsedwhen luminance was 95% of initial luminance (100%) (at 10 mA/cm²).

TABLE 7 Driving voltage Efficiency Color coordinates Lifespan Emission(V) (cd/A) CIEx CIEy (T95) (hr) color Example 3-1 4.8 7.6 0.15 0.11 500Blue Example 3-2 4.9 7.8 0.15 0.11 520 Blue Example 3-3 5.0 8.0 0.150.11 580 Blue Example 3-4 4.5 7.8 0.15 0.11 530 Blue Comparative Example3-1 4.3 8.2 0.15 0.11 280 Blue Comparative Example 3-2 6.0 2.9 0.17 0.1710 Blue Comparative Example 3-3 6.2 3.0 0.17 0.16 20 Blue ComparativeExample 3-4 5.2 4.5 0.16 0.15 20 Blue Comparative Example 3-5 5.4 3.80.18 0.17 20 Blue Comparative Example 3-6 5.8 4.0 0.16 0.17 30 BlueComparative Example 3-7 6.0 3.9 0.16 0.16 40 Blue

Referring to Table 7, it can be seen that the organic light-emittingdevices of Examples 3-1 to 3-4 have a low driving voltage and remarkablyexcellent lifespan characteristics, as compared with those of theorganic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-7.

TABLE 8 Driving voltage Efficiency Color coordinates Lifespan Emission(V) (cd/A) CIEx CIEy (T95) (hr) color Example 3-5 4.8 29.8 0.28 0.62 640Green Example 3-6 4.6 30.2 0.28 0.62 720 Green Example 3-7 4.8 31.4 0.280.62 790 Green Example 3-8 4.7 30.5 0.28 0.62 710 Green ComparativeExample 3-8 4.5 30.4 0.28 0.61 350 Green

Referring to Table 8, it can be seen that the organic light-emittingdevices of Examples 3-5 to 3-8 have remarkably excellent lifespancharacteristics, as compared with those of the organic light-emittingdevice of Comparative Example 3-8.

TABLE 9 Driving voltage Efficiency Color coordinates Lifespan Emission(V) (cd/A) CIEx CIEy (T95) (hr) color Example 3-9 4.8 18.5 0.64 0.351020 Red Example 3-10 5.0 21.5 0.64 0.35 1150 Red Example 3-11 4.8 22.20.64 0.35 1350 Red Example 3-12 4.9 20.4 0.64 0.35 1220 Red ComparativeExample 3-9 4.5 20.2 0.64 0.35 780 Red

Referring to Table 9, it can be seen that the organic light-emittingdevices of Examples 3-9 to 3-12 have remarkably excellent lifespancharacteristics, as compared with those of the organic light-emittingdevice of Comparative Example 3-9.

The organic light-emitting device may have a low driving voltage, highefficiency, and a long lifespan.

Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specificterms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a genericand descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In someinstances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art asof the filing of the present application, features, characteristics,and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment maybe used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/orelements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwisespecifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those ofskill in the art that various changes in form and details may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope thereof as set forth in thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An organic light-emitting device, comprising: afirst electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and anorganic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode andcomprising an emission layer, wherein the organic layer includes a firsthole transport region and a second hole transport region between thefirst electrode and the emission layer, the first hole transport regionincludes a polymer compound, the second hole transport region includes afirst compound and a second compound, or includes the first compound anda third compound, the polymer compound includes a repeating unit derivedfrom a compound including a moiety represented by Formula 1A, the firstcompound is a compound including a repeating unit represented by Formula1, the second compound is a compound represented by Formula 2, and thethird compound is a compound represented by Formula 3:

wherein, in Formulae 1A, 1, 2, and 3, L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂,and L₃₁ to L₃₅ are each independently selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a1 to a4, a11 to a13,a21, a22, and a31 to a35 are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, k1is 1 or 2, k2 is 0 or 1, k1 and k2 satisfies k1+k2=2, at least one of X₁to X₃ is a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ are eachindependently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,k31 is 0 or 1, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈, and R₃₁ to R₃₄ are each independentlyhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), b11 and b31 to b34 are eachindependently an integer of 1 to 10, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group,the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selectedfrom: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ toQ₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.
 2. Theorganic light-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the firsthole transport region is between the first electrode and the emissionlayer, and the second hole transport region is between the first holetransport region and the emission layer.
 3. The organic light-emittingdevice as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the second hole transport regionincludes a high-molecular-weight region and a low-molecular-weightregion, the high-molecular-weight region is a region closer to aninterface between the first hole transport region and the second holetransport region than to an interface between the emission layer and thesecond hole transport region, the low-molecular-weight region is aregion closer to an interface between the emission layer and the secondhole transport region than to an interface between the first holetransport region and the second hole transport region in the second holetransport region, an amount of the first compound in thehigh-molecular-weight region is greater than an amount of the firstcompound in the low-molecular-weight region, and an amount of the secondcompound and an amount of the third compound in the low-molecular-weightregion are greater than an amount of the second compound and an amountof the third compound in the high-molecular-weight region.
 4. Theorganic light-emitting device as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the secondhole transport region includes a first hole transport layer between thefirst hole transport region and the emission layer and a second holetransport layer between the first hole transport layer and the emissionlayer, the first hole transport layer includes the first compound, andthe second hole transport layer includes the second compound or thethird compound.
 5. The organic light-emitting device as claimed in claim1, wherein: the first compound has a molecular weight of 5,000 g/mol ormore, the second compound has a molecular weight of 2,000 g/mol or less,and the third compound has a molecular weight of 2,000 g/mol or less. 6.The organic light-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein: thefirst hole transport region is formed by using a first composition, thesecond hole transport region is formed by using a second composition,the first composition includes the polymer compound and a first solvent,and the second composition includes the first compound, the secondcompound, and a second solvent, or comprises the first compound, thethird compound, and the second solvent.
 7. The organic light-emittingdevice as claimed in claim 1, wherein: L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂,and L₃₁ to L₃₅ are each independently a group represented by oneselected from Formulae 3-1 to 3-51:

wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-51, Y₁ is O, S, C(Z₃)(Z₄), N(Z₅), orSi(Z₆)(Z₇), Z₁ to Z₇ are each independently selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an aminogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, acarboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a saltthereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinylgroup, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group,a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, abenzimidazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅),Q₃₃ to Q₃₅ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group, d2 is an integer of 0 to 2, d3 is aninteger of 0 to 3, d4 is an integer of 0 to 4, d5 is an integer of 0 to5, d6 is an integer of 0 to 6, d8 is an integer of 0 to 8, and and *′each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 8. The organiclight-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein: Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ areeach independently a group represented by one selected from Formulae 5-1to 5-23:

wherein, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-23, Y₃₁ is O, S, C(Z₃₄)(Z₃₅), orSi(Z₃₆)(Z₃₇), Z₃₁ to Z₃₇ are each independently selected from deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, anamidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, an anthracenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazole group, athiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolylgroup, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, apyridazinyl group, an indazolyl group, purinyl group, a quinolinylgroup, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinylgroup, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinylgroup, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group,a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, anisobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group,a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinylgroup, a thiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, animidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group, e3 is an integerof 0 to 3, e4 is an integer of 0 to 4, e5 is an integer of 0 to 5, e6 isan integer of 0 to 6, e7 is an integer of 0 to 7, e9 is an integer of 0to 9, and indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 9. The organiclight-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein: R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈,and R₃₁ to R₃₄ are each independently selected from: hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, a C₂-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, aphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and aterphenyl group; and a C₂-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, acyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, abiphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, each substituted with at leastone selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a C₂-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group. 10.The organic light-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein themoiety represented by Formula 1A is represented by Formula 1A-1 or 1A-2:

wherein, in Formulae 1A-1 and 1A-2, R₁ to R₉ are each independentlyselected from: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a nitro group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a C₂-C₂₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, and a cyclohexyl group; and a methyl group, an ethylgroup, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butylgroup, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxygroup, a cyclopentyl group, and a cyclohexyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propylgroup, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a C₂-C₂₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and aterphenyl group, two or more of R₁ to R₉ are optionally linked to form asubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted C₂-C₆₀heterocyclic group, b1 to b9 are each independently an integer of 1 to4, at least one of X₁, X₂, X₄, and X₅ in Formula 1A-1 is a binding siteto a neighboring atom, and at least one of X₁, X₂, and X₃ in Formula1A-2 is a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 11. The organiclight-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compoundincluding the moiety represented by Formula 1A is selected fromCompounds A1 to A₉:

wherein, in Compounds A1 and A2, Bu indicates a butyl group, and inCompound A2, m1 and n1 are each independently a real number greater than0 and less than
 1. 12. The organic light-emitting device as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the first compound is selected from Compounds B1 to B6:

wherein, in Compounds B1 to B6, n is an integer of 10 to 100,000. 13.The organic light-emitting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein: theemission layer includes a host material and a dopant material, and thedopant material includes a phosphorescent dopant or a fluorescentdopant.
 14. The organic light-emitting device as claimed in claim 1,further comprising an electron transport region between the emissionlayer and the second electrode, the electron transport region includingan electron transport layer.
 15. A method of manufacturing an organiclight-emitting device, the method comprising: forming a first holetransport region on a first electrode; and forming a second holetransport region on the first hole transport region, wherein the formingof the first hole transport region includes performing a solutionprocess using a first composition, the forming of the second holetransport region includes performing a solution process using a secondcomposition, the first composition includes a compound including amoiety represented by Formula 1A and a first solvent, the secondcomposition includes first compound, a second compound, and a secondsolvent, or includes the first compound, a third compound, and a secondsolvent, the first compound is a compound including a repeating unitrepresented by Formula 1, the second compound is a compound representedby Formula 2, and the third compound is a compound represented byFormula 3:

wherein, in Formulae 1A, 1, 2, and 3, L₁ to L₄, L₁₁ to L₁₃, L₂₁, L₂₂,and L₃₁ to L₃₅ are each independently selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a1 to a4, a11 to a13,a21, a22, and a31 to a35 are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, k1is 1 or 2, k2 is 0 or 1, k1 and k2 satisfies k1+k2=2, at least one of X₁to X₃ is a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ar₂₁ and Ar₂₂ are eachindependently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,k31 is 0 or 1, R₁₁, R₂₁ to R₂₈, and R₃₁ to R₃₄ are each independentlyhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), b11 and b31 to b34 are eachindependently an integer of 1 to 10, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group,the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, thesubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selectedfrom: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ toQ₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.
 16. Themethod as claimed in claim 15, wherein forming the first hole transportregion further includes: thermally curing or photocuring the compoundincluding the moiety represented by Formula 1A; or removing the firstsolvent, removing the first solvent being performed in a temperaturerange of about 200° C. to about 280° C.
 17. The method as claimed inclaim 15, wherein forming the second hole transport region furtherincludes removing the second solvent, the removing of the second solventbeing performed in a temperature range of about 150° C. to about 350° C.18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein a high-molecular-weightregion and a low-molecular-weight region are formed by the removing ofthe second solvent, the high-molecular-weight region is a region closerto an interface between the first hole transport region and the secondhole transport region than to an interface between the emission layerand the second hole transport region, the low-molecular-weight region isa region closer to an interface between the emission layer and thesecond hole transport region than to an interface between the first holetransport region and the second hole transport region in the second holetransport region, an amount of the first compound in thehigh-molecular-weight region is larger than an amount of the firstcompound in the low-molecular-weight region, and an amount of the secondcompound and an amount of the third compound in the low-molecular-weightregion are larger than an amount of the second compound and the thirdcompound in the high-molecular-weight region.
 19. The method as claimedin claim 17, wherein: a first hole transport layer between the firsthole transport region and the emission layer and a second hole transportlayer between the first hole transport layer and the emission layer areformed by removing the second solvent, the first hole transport layerincludes the first compound, and the second hole transport layerincludes the second compound or the third compound.
 20. The method asclaimed in claim 15, further comprising forming an emission layer on thesecond hole transport region, wherein forming of the emission layerincludes performing a solution process using a third composition, andthe third composition includes a host material, a dopant material, and athird solvent.